碳达峰和碳中和的4个主要指标中，和能源直接相关的就有3个，分别是2030年单位GDP二氧化碳排放比2005年下降65%以上，非化石能源消费比重达到25%左右，风电、太阳能发电总装机容量达到12亿千瓦以上。而实现这几个指标的主要方式就是要以绿色低碳的发展方式为主，加快化石能源消耗向清洁、低排放转型。太阳能储量巨大，对环境十分友好，发展光伏行业是实现能源消费结构低碳化转变的中坚力量。

加快能源结构绿色低碳转型，聚焦2025年非化石能源消费比重达到20%左右的目标，“十四五”期间将加快发展太阳能发电，加大力度规划建设大型光伏基地，因地制宜推动光伏产业和生态治理协同发展，进一步支撑、服务、推动重点行业转变用能方式。能源领域碳减排的关键是用能模式的低碳转型。工业制造使用传统化石能源将面临变革，取而代之的会是太阳能等新能源形式的发展，建筑领域的光伏玻璃也会满足楼体的供电需求，这将会实现更大力度的降碳，并控制煤炭消费的增长，进而推动各行各业低碳化的转型。随着光伏行业产能的逐步增加，经济社会发展对传统化石能源的依存度将大大降低，有效减少碳排放，为“双碳”目标的实现贡献力量。

分布式光伏提升能源系统效率

分布式光伏——渔光互补  中国电科院/供图

分布式光伏开创自产自消用电新模式。太阳能分布广泛，地域差异性大，根据太阳能的资源禀赋，应加大太阳能就近开发利用力度，加快负荷中心及周边地区分布式光伏建设，鼓励光伏发电优先本地消纳，减少电力的跨域输送，提升输配效率。研发以钙钛矿为代表的新型薄膜光伏电池，挖掘薄膜电池柔性、彩色、半透明的应用潜力，积极推动屋顶光伏、农光互补、渔光互补等分布式光伏建设，形成新能源富民产业。加大太阳能开发力度，引导各行各业更多依靠光伏电力提升本地能源自给率，降低对电能跨域输配的依赖。

 

大力发展源网荷储一体化。着力研发光储一体化技术，科学优化电源规模配比及需求侧用电调控，鼓励就近消纳，建设光伏发电—并网—存储—用能的一体化产消系统。创新开发光伏电池的多元化、智能化利用方式，促进光伏与汽车、通讯、智能穿戴等高新技术产业的深度融合，打造“光伏+”生态链，开发工业产业的分布式用能模式，降低电力的传输损耗，提升能源系统效率。积极推进多能互补的清洁能源基地工程示范，加快综合能源系统的研发设计和智能微网技术的落地建设，不断加强电力协调运行能力。

光伏能源系统示意图  华北电力大学新能源学院/供图

光伏技术创新推动能源系统转型升级

《规划》对于能源领域创新发展能力提出了更高的要求，在光伏领域，“十四五”期间应加大科技创新与光伏产业模式创新，以创新引领能源行业向绿色低碳发展。

在科技创新方面，应立足我国当前能源产业基础和优势，加大对光伏技术的研发经费投入。一方面，推进以钙钛矿基光伏技术为代表的新型太阳能电池技术研发，促进绿色低碳能源技术突破，在光伏组件效率、稳定性和成本等方面取得世界级突破，打破国外新型光伏制造技术壁垒，锻造光伏领域创新优势长板。另一方面，基于我国当前硅太阳电池产业体系，加大对集中式光伏、分布式光伏和光伏建筑一体化等技术的研发投入，探索光伏技术的多元化发展，拓展光伏应用场景及范围，持续提升对太阳能的利用水平和利用效率。

在光伏产业模式创新上，推动太阳能电池技术与信息技术、材料技术和先进制造技术的深度融合。促进信息技术和先进制造技术在硅基太阳电池生产中的利用，推动硅太阳电池产业数字化、智能化升级。探索光伏组件生产和消费的新模式，基于先进材料技术与制造技术，以需求侧对光伏组件效率、寿命、透光性和成本等实际需求为导向，指导光伏行业供给侧结构性改革，构建智能光伏能源系统，形成光伏消费新模式。推动信息技术与材料技术有机融合，能够提高钙钛矿太阳电池等新型太阳电池技术的研发效率，实现新型光伏技术快速迭代，促进新型光伏技术蓬勃发展。

《规划》提出，到2035年基本建成现代能源体系，绿色生产和消费模式广泛形成，非化石能源消费比重在2030年达到25%的基础上进一步大幅提高，可再生能源发电成为主体电源。这要求光伏行业必须抓住“十四五”历史机遇期，加快关键技术的突破，解决光伏领域的“卡脖子”问题。并进一步创新光伏发电技术，降低单位GDP碳排放，实现光伏产业的智能化、数字化，在保障能源安全的同时，提升普遍服务水平，为建成清洁低碳安全高效的现代化能源体系贡献力量。

Of the four major targets for carbon peak and carbon neutrality, three are directly related to energy, namely, by 2030, carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP will drop by more than 65% compared with 2005, the share of non-fossil energy consumption will rise to around 25%, and the total installed capacity of wind and solar power will reach over 1.2 billion kW.   The main way to achieve these targets is to accelerate the transition from fossil energy consumption to clean and low emissions by adopting a green and low-carbon development mode.   Solar energy reserves are huge and environmentally friendly. The development of photovoltaic industry is a key force to realize the low-carbon transformation of energy consumption structure.  

 

To speed up the green low carbon energy structure transformation, focusing on 2025 non-fossil energy consumption to around 20% of the target, during the period of "difference" to speed up the development of solar power, increasing large photovoltaic base planning construction, adjust measures to local conditions to promote the coordinated development of photovoltaic industry and ecological management, further support, service and key industries with changing way.   The key to carbon emission reduction in energy field is the low-carbon transformation of energy consumption mode.   The use of traditional fossil energy in industrial manufacturing will face changes, and will be replaced by the development of solar energy and other new energy forms. Photovoltaic glass in the construction field will also meet the power supply demand of the building, which will achieve greater efforts to reduce carbon, control the growth of coal consumption, and then promote the low-carbon transformation of all industries.  With the gradual increase of photovoltaic industry capacity, the dependence of economic and social development on traditional fossil energy will be greatly reduced, effectively reduce carbon emissions, and contribute to the realization of the "dual carbon" goal.  

 

 

 

Distributed pv improves energy system efficiency  

 

 

 

The picture  

Distributed photovoltaic -- Fishlight complementary China Institute of Electricity Science/photo provided  

 

 

 

 

Distributed pv creates a new mode of self-generation and self-consumption.  Solar energy is widely distributed and varies greatly from region to region. According to the resource endowment of solar energy, efforts should be made to develop and utilize solar energy nearby, speed up the construction of distributed PV in load centers and surrounding areas, encourage pv generation to give priority to local consumption, reduce cross-domain transmission of electricity, and improve transmission and distribution efficiency.  Research and development of new thin film photovoltaic cells represented by perovskite, tap the application potential of flexible, color and translucent thin film cells, actively promote the construction of distributed photovoltaic cells such as rooftop photovoltaic, agricultural light complementary and fishing light complementary, and form a new energy industry to enrich the people.  We will step up efforts to develop solar energy, guide all industries to rely more on photovoltaic power to increase local energy self-sufficiency and reduce dependence on cross-region power transmission and distribution.  

 

We will vigorously develop the integration of source networks, charges and storage.  Focus on the research and development of integrated optical storage technology, scientific optimization of power supply scale ratio and demand-side electricity regulation, encourage nearby consumption, the construction of photovoltaic power generation - grid-connection - storage - energy consumption integrated production and consumption system.  Innovate and develop diversified and intelligent utilization modes of photovoltaic cells, promote the deep integration of photovoltaic and high-tech industries such as automobile, communication and smart wear, build the "PHOTOVOLTAIC +" ecological chain, develop the distributed energy consumption mode of industrial industries, reduce the transmission loss of electricity and improve the efficiency of energy system.  We will actively promote demonstration projects to build clean energy bases with multiple functions and complementary functions, accelerate the research and development and design of integrated energy systems and the implementation of smart micro-grid technologies, and constantly strengthen the ability to coordinate the operation of electricity.  

 

 

 

The picture  

Schematic diagram of photovoltaic energy System, College of New Energy, North China Electric Power University/provided  

 

 

 

Photovoltaic technology innovation promotes the transformation and upgrading of the energy system  

 

 

 

 

The Plan puts forward higher requirements for innovation and development capacity in the energy field. In the photovoltaic field, scientific and technological innovation and photovoltaic industry model innovation should be strengthened during the 14th Five-Year Plan period to lead the energy industry to green and low-carbon development with innovation.  

 

In terms of scientific and technological innovation, we should base on the foundation and advantages of China's current energy industry and increase the investment in photovoltaic technology research and development.   On the one hand, it promotes the research and development of new solar cell technology represented by perovskite-based photovoltaic technology, promotes breakthroughs in green and low-carbon energy technology, makes world-class breakthroughs in photovoltaic module efficiency, stability and cost, breaks down foreign technical barriers to new photovoltaic manufacturing, and forge innovative long plates in the photovoltaic field.   On the other hand, based on the current industrial system of silicon solar cells in China, the r&d investment in centralized photovoltaic, distributed photovoltaic and photovoltaic building integration technologies will be increased to explore the diversified development of photovoltaic technology, expand the application scenarios and scope of photovoltaic, and continuously improve the utilization level and efficiency of solar energy.  

 

In the photovoltaic industry model innovation, promote the deep integration of solar cell technology with information technology, material technology and advanced manufacturing technology.   Promote the utilization of information technology and advanced manufacturing technology in the production of silicon-based solar cells, and promote the digitalization and intelligent upgrading of the silicon solar cell industry.  Explore a new mode of photovoltaic module production and consumption, guide the supply-side structural reform of the photovoltaic industry, build an intelligent photovoltaic energy system, and form a new mode of photovoltaic consumption based on advanced material technology and manufacturing technology, guided by the actual demand side demand for photovoltaic module efficiency, life span, transmittance and cost.  Promoting the organic integration of information technology and material technology can improve the research and development efficiency of new solar cell technologies such as perovskite solar cells, realize the rapid iteration of new photovoltaic technology, and promote the vigorous development of new photovoltaic technology.  

 

According to the Plan, a modern energy system will be basically completed by 2035, green production and consumption patterns will be widely established, the share of non-fossil energy consumption will be significantly increased from 25 percent by 2030, and renewable energy generation will become the main source of power.   This requires the photovoltaic industry must seize the "14th five-year" historical opportunity period, speed up the breakthrough of key technologies, to solve the "bottleneck" problem in the photovoltaic field.   And further innovate photovoltaic power generation technology, reduce carbon emissions per unit GDP, realize intelligent and digital photovoltaic industry, while ensuring energy security, improve the universal service level, and contribute to the building of a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient modern energy system.