太阳是一种无穷无尽的能量来源，其输出功率约为1000瓦/平方米。这个功率的值是瞬时的，根据定义，获得的能量是它的功率乘以时间。因此，每年大约有1000到2000小时的等效全日照，每平方米有1000到2000千瓦时(取决于具体的位置)得到接收。这相当于一桶油(159升)，大约含有1700千瓦时的能量。一平方米的土地每年可以获得相当于一桶石油的收入——这是一大笔钱！我们每年消耗多少能源？开车行驶15000公里大约需要900升油(对于燃烧6l/100公里的汽车)或5到10平方米的一辆电动汽车的光伏板！适度隔热的房屋需要100-150千瓦时/平方米的能耗用于供暖/制冷和供电。如果太阳的能量能够以100%的效率被捕获，那么很容易计算出10-15平方米太阳能电池板足以满足一个家庭的全部能源需求。

      实际上有多种获取和利用太阳能的可能性，这将使许多房屋成为能源生产者，并实际上独立于其他外部能源。一个适当隔热的房子当然是一个先决条件。

        光伏通常因其使用和安装简单而被选择。光伏板可以添加到现有的屋顶(也称为建筑物添加光伏建筑附着光伏)，或者可以更优雅地集成到屋顶或立面中(也称为集成光伏的建筑)光伏建筑一体化).适用于几乎任何类型的建筑，目前存在的众多解决方案也允许以非常低的成本生产电力！

仿石材幕墙效果的太阳能光伏技术

        许多成功的BIPV项目已经完成，主要使用晶体硅模块、彩色太阳能电池、均匀的黑色外观，或者在项目中使用薄膜来创造更令人愉悦的结果。许多研究机构和行业正在合作设计新产品和解决方案，以制造新一代光伏产品，这将改变人们看待和思考建筑中太阳能电池板集成的方式。事实上，在过去的几年里，一些引人注目的新例子已经出现，包括创造白色模块或显色的可能性，如传统屋顶中使用的产品，以及高分辨率图像的集成，以获得更多的美学应用。理论上，每一个建筑元素都有成为潜在发电源的无限可能。

     为屋顶应用程序，今天开发的最成熟的技术是专门为建筑敏感区域设计的模块(图1)。除了电气生产能力，该模块还提供了符合建筑材料建筑规范的高机械强度。该模块的细长矩形具有大瓷砖外观，可以集成到欧洲传统遗产中常见的敏感城市地区的屋顶中。 光伏建筑一体化正面在高密度的城市中心特别有价值，在那里，立面与屋顶的面积比随着建筑物的高度而增加。对于立面应用，开发了几种着色技术和不同类型的基板，以改变标准光伏模块的视觉外观。 这些例子展示了太阳能电池板如何在建筑上融入建筑，同时保持优雅和对历史遗产的尊重。

图1，在纳沙泰尔。a)"协会之家"，2015年瑞士太阳能奖翻新类(资料来源:海因斯泰因、EPFL和CSEM)。b)弗里堡埃库维伦斯的传统农场，带有由伊索尔公司生产的太阳能-Terra模块(来源CSEM)，C)伊索尔公司为联合建筑公司(挪威)拱门生产的彩色活动立面。位于布德里的太阳能公司生产的白色太阳能外墙。

       自然，除了屋顶和外墙，光伏还可以用于许多其他地方:阳台、遮阳系统、花园桌子……甚至街道。这完全取决于你的想象！

The sun is an endless source of energy, with an output power of about 1,000 watts per square meter.  The value of this power is instantaneous, and by definition, the energy obtained is its power times time.  As a result, approximately 1,000 to 2,000 hours of equivalent total sunshine are received each year, with 1,000 to 2,000 KWH per square meter (depending on location).  That's equivalent to one barrel of oil (159 liters), which contains about 1,700 kilowatt-hours of energy.  One square metre of land can bring in the equivalent of a barrel of oil every year - that's a lot of money!  How much energy do we consume every year?  Driving 15000 km requires about 900 litres of fuel (for cars burning 6L / 100km) or 5 to 10 square metres of pv panels for an electric car!  Moderately insulated homes require 100-150 KWH/m2 of energy for heating/cooling and power.  If the sun's energy could be captured with 100 percent efficiency, it would be easy to calculate that 10-15 square meters of solar panels would be enough to meet the entire energy needs of a home.  

The picture  

There are actually multiple possibilities for capturing and utilizing solar energy, which would make many houses energy producers and virtually independent of other external sources of energy.   A properly insulated house is of course a prerequisite.  

Photovoltaics are often chosen for their ease of use and installation.  Photovoltaic panels can be added to existing roofs (also known as building plus PHOTOVOLTAIC building attached PV) or can be more elegantly integrated into roofs or facades (also known as building with integrated PV).  Suitable for almost any type of building, the numerous solutions that exist today also allow electricity to be produced at a very low cost!  

The picture  

Solar photovoltaic technology imitating the effect of stone curtain wall  

Many successful BIPV projects have been completed using crystalline silicon modules, colored solar cells, uniform black appearance, or thin films in projects to create more pleasing results.   Many research institutions and industries are collaborating to design new products and solutions to manufacture a new generation of photovoltaic products that will change the way people look at and think about solar panel integration in buildings.  In fact, in the past few years, some striking new examples have emerged, including the possibility of creating white modules or color rendering, such as the products used in traditional rooftops, and the integration of high-resolution images for more aesthetic applications.  In theory, every architectural element has unlimited potential to become a potential power source.  

The picture  

The most mature technology being developed today for roofing applications is modules designed specifically for sensitive areas of the building (Figure 1).  In addition to electrical production capacity, the module also provides high mechanical strength in accordance with building codes for building materials.   The module's elongated rectangles have a large tile appearance that can be integrated into the roofs of sensitive urban areas common in European heritage.  Integrated pv building facades are particularly valuable in high-density urban centers, where the area ratio of facades to roofs increases with the height of the building.   For facade applications, several coloring techniques and different types of substrates were developed to change the visual appearance of standard PV modules.  These examples show how solar panels can be incorporated into the building, while maintaining elegance and respect for the historic heritage.  

The picture  

Picture 1, in Neuchatel.  A)" House of associations ", 2015 Swiss Solar Prize Renovation Category (sources: Heinstein, EPFL and CSEM).  B) The traditional farm in Ekuvylens, Fribourg, with solar-Terra modules (source: CSEM) produced by Isol, and C) The coloured active facade produced by Isol for Arch of United Architecture (Norway).  White solar facades made by Solar Energy in Buderi.  

Naturally, pv can be used in many other places besides roofs and facades: balconies, shading systems, garden tables...  Even the streets.  It all depends on your imagination!